R. v RL & Anor. Pays/Territoire Royaume-Uni Type de cour Nationale - cour supérieure Date Aoû 28, 2008 Source UNEP, InforMEA Nom du tribunal Court of Appeal Siège de la cour London Juge HughesClarkeBlair. Numéro de référence [2008] EWCA Crim 1970 Langue Anglais Sujet Questions juridiques, Eau Mot clé Infractions/sanctions Normes de qualité de l'eau Pollution des eaux douces/qualité des eaux douces Mise en application Responsabilité/indemnisation Résumé The present appeal centered on the question of criminal liability of members of an unincorporated association under section 85 of the the Water Resources Act 1991. A members golf club, in law an unincorporated association, owned buildings served by a heating oil storage tank via an underground pipe. In the course of construction work the pipe was severed and a watercourse was polluted. An offence under section 85 of the Water Resources Act 1991 of polluting controlled waters had thus potentially been committed. The Environment Agency reluctantly took the view that the club itself could not be prosecuted, not being a ‘person within the meaning of section 85, and thus initiated a prosecution of the club chairman and the club treasurer (being also the chairman of the building committee which oversaw the work) but accepted that neither had personal culpability greater than any other member. Neither absence of culpability nor the act of a third party generally afford any defence and certainly afforded none on the facts of this case. Nevertheless, the Crown Court quashed the indictment holding, first, that the Environment Agency could and should have prosecuted the club and, secondly, that individual defendants could not be prosecuted in the absence of culpability, by extension by analogy of section 217(1) of the Water Resources Act 1991, which created ‘officers liability by officers of bodies corporate but only in the case of personal neglect The Crown appealed to the Court of Appeal the issues being, first, could the club be prosecuted as a ‘person within the meaning of section 85 and, secondly, could individual members of the club also be prosecuted? The Court of Appeal allowed the prosecutions appeal in part. It held that the club (as well as each of its members) could have been prosecuted and was indeed ‘the natural defendant. The definition of ‘person in the Interpretation Act 1978 as including an unincorporated association applied unless a ‘contrary intention was to be found in section 85 and none was; indeed, it would make little sense to take into account in fixing any fine the assets of any individual members of a club rather than those of the club and prosecution of individuals would potentially be unfair upon them. Nevertheless, the Crown Courts extension by analogy of section 217(1) was unwarranted and amounted to rewriting the Act; every one of the then members of the club was in law also guilty of the strict liability offence of causing the leak since all were maintainers of the tank and each could in theory have been prosecuted and convicted. Who to prosecute in any given case was a matter for the crown, subject only to considerations of abuse of process which were not applicable here. The judge below had wrongly held that the chairman and treasurer could not be prosecuted. Texte intégral COU-156653.pdf