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Consultative Opinion on Liability of Public and Private Actors for Genetic Contamination of Non-GM Crops

País/Territorio
Internacional
Tipo de la corte
Corte internacional
Fecha
Jun 17, 2005
Fuente
UNEP, InforMEA
Nombre del tribunal
International Court of Environmental Arbitration and Conciliation
Sede de la corte
San Sebastian
Juez
Rehbinder
Grandbois
Odidi Okidi
Leme Machado
Morishima
Número de referencia
EAS – OC 13/04
Idioma
Inglés
Materia
Cultivos, Agricultura y desarrollo rural
Palabra clave
OGM Responsabilidad/indemnización
Resumen
The basic question in this consultative opinion was: In case of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) contamination in non-GMOs crops, especially in absence of national legislation, who is responsible to pay the damage among all the different public and private actors involved in the GMO chain of production, distribution and dissemination? The applicant stated that he was concerned about the spreading of genetically modified organisms into traditional crops, especially without prior informed consent by the farming community. The applicant clarified that his interest concerned in particular: a) Brazil and Pakistan, where cases of smuggling of GM seeds had occurred despite a national moratorium on GMOs; b) The regime of liability in case of GM contamination in a certain country proceeding from Food Aid agencies. The court analyzed the problem of coexistence between conventional farming and GM farming, outlined basic issues of liability for GMO’s international and supranational liability regimes, examined the inadequacy of traditional liability in tort or under the law of neighbor relations as well as the new generation of GMO liability laws relating to coexistence and finally analyzed the responsibility of food aid agencies for GM contamination. It concluded that the analysis of the various liability regimes clearly showed the inadequacy of traditional tort and neighbourhood liability in tackling the complex liability issues raised by genetic contamination. The new generation of liability laws in the field of biotechnology, including genetic contamination, normally provided for strict liability and thereby removed the obstacles of fault and negligence or balancing requirements. Liability normally was civil in nature. However, there were also examples of administrative liability, especially with respect to the beneficiary of compensation and the determination of damage. Then, pure ecological damage or socio-economic damage could be covered. Under public international law, states and international organisations were in principle responsible for their food aid agencies when the latter had breached a rule of public international law and caused damage to the recipient state. However, it was highly doubtful whether the mere omission to inform the recipient state about the GM properties of food supplied would lead to responsibility. International law was quite reluctant to recognise preventive information obligations and the necessary threshold of harm may not be surpassed. The violation of the advance information obligation for GM food set forth in article 11 Biosafety Protocol by a contracting party may course give rise to responsibility under public international law if the threshold of damage was surpassed. Besides, the violation of national rules regarding the import of GM food adopted by a contracting party in implementing the protocol in national law may render the importer liable for damages under national tort law.

Referencias

Cites
Cita

African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Revised Version)

Tratado | Multilateral | Maputo |

Palabra clave: Normas sobre calidad del agua, Normas, Efectos transfronterizos, Monitoreo, Derechos tradicionales/derechos consuetudinarios, Derecho a un medio ambiente limpio/sano, Residuos peligrosos, Derechos de propiedad intelectual/patentes, Biodiversidad, Fortalecimiento de la capacidad, Zona protegida, Educación, Principio de cautela, Acceso a la biodiversidad y distribución de beneficios, Protección del hábitat, Conservación del ecosistema, Flora silvestre, Erosión, Ordenación/conservación, Especies exóticas, Investigación, Auditoría ambiental, Acuerdo internacional-texto, Protecíon de las especies, Ordenación forestal/conservación de montes, Fauna silvestre, Zonificación, Productos silvestres, Abastecimiento de agua, EIA, Sustancias peligrosas, Acceso-a-la-justicia, Uso sostenible, Agua potable, Acceso-a-la-información, Zonas húmedas, Conservación de suelos/mejoramiento de suelos, Recursos genéticos, Actividades militares, Tenencia de tierras, Participación pública, Desarrollo sostenible, Armas de caza/métodos de caza, Especies en peligro

Fuente: IUCN (ID: TRE-001395)

Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica

Tratado | Multilateral | Rio de Janeiro |

Palabra clave: Transferencia de tecnología, Biotecnología, Especies exóticas, Uso sostenible, Solución de controversias, Cultivos/praderas, Derechos tradicionales/derechos consuetudinarios, Recopilación de datos/informes, Ordenación/conservación, Subvención/incentivo, Educación, Institución, EIA, Financiamiento, Investigación, Zona protegida, Conservación ex-situ, Protección del hábitat, Responsabilidad/indemnización, Recursos genéticos, Monitoreo, Política/planificación, Acceso a la biodiversidad y distribución de beneficios, Biodiversidad, Conservación del ecosistema

Fuente: IUCN (ID: TRE-001148)

Protocolo de Cartagena sobre prevensión de riesgos biotecnológicos relativo al Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica

Tratado | Multilateral | Montreal |

Palabra clave: Acuerdo internacional-texto, Comercio internacional, Transporte/depósito, Responsabilidad/indemnización, Monitoreo, Control de calidad de los alimentos/inocuidad de los alimentos, Biotecnología, Efectos transfronterizos, Uso sostenible, Institución, Seguridad de la biotecnología, OGM, Educación, Envasado/etiquetado, Financiamiento, Biodiversidad, Principio de cautela, Evaluación/manejo de riesgos, Acceso-a-la-información

Fuente: IUCN (ID: TRE-001327)

Convention on civil liability for damage resulting from activities dangerous to the environment

Tratado | Multilateral | Lugano |

Palabra clave: Procedimientos judiciales/procedimientos administrativos, Política/planificación, OGM, Competencia jurisdiccional, Residuos peligrosos, Acceso-a-la-información, ONG, Cumplimiento/aplicación, Sustancias peligrosas, Responsabilidad/indemnización, Eliminación de desechos, Transporte/depósito

Fuente: IUCN (ID: TRE-001166)